American jewish Congress

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American Jewish Congress

AJCongress Logo.png

Founded 1918

Enrollment no. 13-1679610 (EIN) The purpose of the organization was to use diplomacy, legislation, and the courts to advocate for public policy and defend Jewish interests at home and abroad.

The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress or AJC) is an association of American Jews formed to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.[1] History The AJCongress was founded in November 1918,[2] and represented a "populist counterbalance to the American Jewish Committee (AJC), which was dominated by the wealthy and conservative German-Jewish establishment."[1] Website www.ajcongress.org Edit this at Wi "Reputation for being politically liberal" has been built up. It was first proposed on August 30, 1914, by Bernard G. Richards.[2] Leaders within the American Jewish community, including Jewish, Zionist, and immigrant community organizations, convened the first AJCongress in Philadelphia's historic Independence Hall. After World War II, it made "its mark as an active litigant on church-state issues and civil rights."[3] It was founded to broaden Jewish leadership and to present a unified American Jewish position at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, Felix Frankfurter, and U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis joined to lay the groundwork for a national democratic organization of Jewish leaders from all over the country to rally for equal rights for all Americans, regardless of race, religion, or national ancestry.[4] It became powerful as a strain bunch in 1928 under the administration of Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, who stayed the president and boss representative of the AJCongress until his demise in 1949. The ongoing top of the AJCongress is Jack Rosen.[5]

The 1930s

All through the 1930s, Rabbi Wise was vocal in his admonitions about the risks of Nazism. In spite of strong opposition from the German government, the U.S. State Department, and conservative Jewish organizations like the AJC and B'nai B'rith, Wise organized a mass protest rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City on January 30, 1933, the day that Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the AJCongress continued to organize protest rallies. The AJCongress led a nationwide boycott of German goods in August 1933[6]. In 1934, Daniel Marks was appointed head of the AJCongress. During his trip to Germany, he brought 5,000 Jews to the United States.

The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was established by the AJCongress in 1936. Keeping up with his situation as leader of the AJCongress, Rabbi Wise was additionally chosen leader of the WJC. During The Second Great War, the AJCongress went about as a contact between the U.S. government and the WJC on issues connecting with salvage endeavors made for the benefit of European Jews.

1940s and 1950s In August 1942, Rabbi Wise received a cable from WJC representative Gerhart Riegner[7]. According to Riegner, the Nazis had planned and were carrying out a strategy to kill all Jews in Europe; Additionally, the cable made specific references to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The AJCongress convened a Joint Emergency Committee[8] to coordinate the major Jewish organizations in the United States to lobby the Roosevelt administration to take increased measures to rescue European Jews after the U.S. State Department confirmed the accuracy of the information in the cable, now known as the Riegner Telegram.

The AJCongress established a Planning Committee in December 1942 to solicit support for a variety of rescue plans. American public support for rescue efforts was never more than marginally successful for the committee. Another rally held at Madison Square Garden was the one of these projects that stood out the most. 70,000 people attended the rally on March 1, 1943. Comparative meetings were consequently held in various urban areas all through the US.

In August 1943, Rabbi Wise met Jan Karski.

The AJCongress had leadership that was similar to that of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), and it was in favor of Zionism as well as cultural diversity.[9] Consequently, the two organizations agreed to focus on distinct endeavors during the war. The ZOA worked to establish a Jewish state in Palestine, while the AJCongress devoted itself to saving Jews from Europe. Even though this arrangement remained in place after the war, its significance diminished following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

The Commission on Community Interrelations (CCI) worked to use psychology and social engineering to combat prejudice and developed psychological studies to bolster anti-discrimination legislation. The Commission on Law and Social Action (CLSA), chaired by Shad Polier, was the legal arm of the AJCongress and was modeled after the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP.[9] The CLSA's mission was "to defend civil liberties and fight discrimination against all minority groups, based on an understanding that "[9] The AJCongress was a pioneer in the struggle for Soviet Jewry long before it became a popular movement. [9] One of the earliest cases the CLSA worked on was Westminster School District v. Mendez, challenging Mexican-American segregation in California schools. [9] The brief filed by the CLSA in this case was influential in future NAACP strategies. [9]

In the 1940s, the AJCongress was also active domestically. AJCongress legal advisors effectively tested racial and strict isolation in government funded schools, refering to the mental damage delivered in school children.[9] These attorneys utilized social equality and Foundation Condition arguments.[9] Jewish adjudicators in New York, unfit to acquire the help of their partners to end religion matching of probationers, went to AJCongress legal counselors to make a legitimate strategy.[9] The legal advisors at the AJCongress proffered a business segregation contention, noticing that appointed authorities on the court just recruited however many Jewish post trial supervisors as there were Jewish probationers.[9] They utilized this contention to record a case with New York's State Bonus Against Separation (SCAD), which was likewise the principal state hostile to segregation organization in the country.[9] This case was to some degree fruitful in that it constrained judges to enlist post trial agents regardless of religion, yet at the same time permitted matching in view of religion.[9]

The 1960s and 1970s

Rabbi Joachim Prinz (1902-88) was leader of the AJCongress from 1958 to 1966. He was a founding chairman of the 1963 March on Washington and gave a speech at that event.[10] The AJCongress was involved in legal proceedings that occasionally ran counter to the activities of other Jewish American organizations. The AJCongress, along with the United Parents Associations, the United Federation of Teachers, and the New York Civil Liberties Union, filed a lawsuit in 1966 against provisions of the Federal Education Act that would support religious schools. The AJCongress was viewed by some in the Jewish community as primarily a secular agency, according to Jewish day school educators and leaders in over 30 states and over 100 communities representing 330 Hebrew day schools. They insisted that the AJCongress did not speak for American Jews on religious or educational issues. Rabbi Joseph Karasick, who is also the president of the Orthodox Union and the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, stated that the AJCongress "speaks for itself only and is under no circumstances to be taken as representing the American Jewish community." The central spokesperson for the nation's 3,100 Orthodox synagogues, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, all Orthodox rabbinic bodies, and every other Orthodox Jewish body have endorsed the Federal Education Act and believe that its provisions adhere to the principle of church-state separation. "[11] One of their most significant actions was their participation in the 1975 tourist boycott of Mexico by American Jews, which was led by Naomi B. Levine, executive director of the American Jewish Congress.[12] This was in response to the desire of Arab countries, the Soviet bloc, and countries of the Non-Aligned Movement to consider Zionism to be racism during the World Conference on Women in Mexico City. The UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 that followed equated Zionism with South Africa's Apartheid and was In late 1978, New York State's prison system reached an agreement, brokered in part by AJCongress's then-assistant executive director Marc D. Stern, "to arrange... TV dinners... along with packaged breakfasts and disposable utensils" to those requesting kosher food while in prison.[14] Additionally, in 1978, the AJC hired three photographers, Bill Aron, Arnold Cohen, and Meryl Meisler, to document Jewish life in all five boroughs. There were also puppeteers, calligraphers, actors, poets, dancers, and klezmer musicians employed in addition to the photographers.

The 1980s and 1990s

Following its prime during the 1960s, when a considerable lot of its exercises matched with the bigger Social liberties Development, a drop-off in its participation all through the 1980s and 1990s resulted.

In the last part of the 1990s and into the 2000s, the AJCongress encountered the deserting of various neighborhood sections, remembering those for Boston, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles. Financial and ideological disagreements arose. Since then, some of those chapters have established themselves once more as independent non-profit organizations that focus on liberal social and community issues. Members of the Los Angeles chapter, for instance, founded the Progressive Jewish Alliance (PJA) in 1999 because they thought the AJ Congress had become too conservative.[15] Their goal was to show that Jews cared about social justice campaigns in Southern California, which has the second-largest Jewish population in the United States. In February 2005, the Progressive Jewish Alliance established a chapter in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Together with the Anti Defamation League, the AJC launched a campaign in 1994 to have the Holy Land Foundation (HLF)'s tax-exempt status revoked by the IRS. The HLF was the largest Muslim charity in the United States when President George Bush designated it as a domestic terror organization in December 2001.[16] The AJCongress has since regrouped and is actively engaged in domestic constitutional issues, supporting Israel, and challenging anti-Semitism abroad.

2000–2010 The AJCongress led a successful effort in 2004 to prevent federal funds from going to Catholic schools. U.S. Region Judge Gladys Kessler agreed with the AJCongress, which contended that government reserves were being utilized to pay for the instructing of Catholic qualities through projects like the College of Notre Lady's Partnership for Catholic Training. AmeriCorps argued that a program's secular activities, not religious teachings, were the basis for its funding. The AJCongress suspended its activities and laid off much of its staff on July 13, 2010, because it ran out of operating funds due to losses in the Madoff scandal.[18][19] It disclosed that it lost approximately $21 million of the $24 million in endowments it had invested through Bernard Madoff and his firm, money that supported the AJCongress and its programs. However, Judge Kessler ruled that the religious and secular activities were not sufficiently separated or monitored.[17] About one quarter of the AJCongress's 2006 budget, which was $6.2 million, was supported by the endowments. Martin and Lillian Steinberg, AJCongress supporters and Madoff friends who invested with him, had introduced the AJCongress to Madoff. As a result, Madoff became AJCongress's trusted financial advisor. After selling its New York headquarters for $18 million in 2003, the AJCongress increased its investments in Madoff in 2004. Additionally, when the Steinbergs passed away, they left the organization approximately $17 million, which was also invested in Madoff. Others pointed out that the AJCongress had long been in the shadow of larger American Jewish organizations like the AJC and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), despite the endowment's crippling financial losses. The AJCongress had a long history of fighting aid to religious schools, but the effort proved to be in conflict with Orthodox Jewish communities that were very successful in attracting government funds for students. In contrast, donors showed more interest in Israel and anti-Semitism than the AJCongress did.[20] An examination by The Jewish Day to day Forward showed that every year, a huge number of dollars in government Pell Awards go to yeshivas, which normally center around Writing concentrate as opposed to mainstream subjects. According to the data, Jewish religious institutions made up 63 of the 152 institutions that received Pell Grants in 2010. 53% of the $84.5 million in Pell Grant funds awarded to religious schools in 2010 went to Jewish schools. Six of the top ten recipients of Pell Grants in terms of dollars in 2010 were yeshivas[21]. From 2010 to the present, the AJCongress spent 16.5% of its expenses on the programs and services it provided in 2012. Administrative costs accounted for 71% of its budget[22]. In 2013, the board reorganized the organization; Since then, it has been working on incorporating new, modern missions. Today, the AJCongress focuses primarily on the following issues: fostering closer ties between the United States and Israel; putting an end to anti-Semitism at home and abroad; battling the movement known as BDS (Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions); avoiding Iran's nuclear ambitions; and encouraging trade and cooperation between Israel and other nations.

Among its significant projects are the Global Chairmen Gathering, where the association brings north of 30 chairmen from around the world to advance Israel back in their urban communities. Bill de Blasio, the mayor of New York City, Mauricio Macri, the president of Argentina, William Lai, the premier of Taiwan, and Matteo Renzi, the former prime minister of Italy, have all participated in the past.

In addition, the organization believes that the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement is not solely anti-Israeli but also a human rights issue and has been successful in its fight against it[23]. In addition, the 500 Club, executive briefing meetings, and conference calls with decision-makers and Jewish community members were created by the organization in order to make them more accessible to the Jewish community.[24] The AJCongress regularly meets with global leaders to promote the U.S.–Israel alliance. It is a main association in giving useful political devices to the Jewish people group. The AJCongress also created the Club 500, an executive speaking series that connects decision makers from around the world with members of the Jewish community via phone briefings.[28] Past participants include U.S. Senator Ben Cardin, U.S. Ambassador to Israel David Friedman, and former IDF Major General Yaakov Amidror. The "Jewish Guide to U.S Politics" was launched in May 2019 and provides a summary of the positions taken by U.S. senators and candidates in

The First Amendment The AJ Congress has been involved in hundreds of civil rights and religious freedoms cases that have been heard by local, federal, and the Supreme Court of the United States. Earthy colored v. Leading body of Education[29] gave the AJCongress its public entrée into the field of Established protection organizations.

In County of Allegheny v. ACLU, the organization filed a brief opposing public displays of the menorah during Hanukkah. The group advocates for religious symbols to be removed from public life.

Charitable choice The AJCongress keeps an eye on things like charitable choice proposals, which would give federal money to religious organizations so they can provide social services that have traditionally been the responsibility of the government.

Issues pertaining to women The AJC established its Women's Division in 1933. Before it was decommissioned as a separate section, it was in operation for approximately fifty years; Under the auspices of the Commission for Women's Equality (CWE), which was established in 1984[30], the organization continued its support for women's rights and feminist perspectives. The CWE has turned its attention to the ethical, legal, and medical issues arising from research revealing that Ashkenazi Jewish women have higher-than-average frequencies of gene mutations that predispose them to breast and ovarian cancer. "Understanding the Genetics of Breast Cancer:" a conference held in 1996 Implications for Treatment, Policy, and Advocacy," a national CWE-organized event, has been replicated nationwide by AJCongress regions. CWE gave a talk in 2000 called "Cancer Genetics in the Ashkenazi Community" to look at new developments in genetic testing and medical breakthroughs since the first conference. In terms of medical preventative measures and legislation to ensure privacy and eliminate testing-based discrimination, this follow-up conference was noticeably more optimistic than the previous one.

"The First International Jewish Feminist Conference:" held at AJCongress in 1988 Israel's "The Empowerment of Women" initiative to promote women's rights. The event was attended by more than 600 Jewish women from all over the world, including Betty Friedan and former Congresswoman Bella Abzug. When some of the attendees went to the Kotel (the Western Wall) with a Torah in hand, they discovered that they were not permitted to pray in their traditional attire due to Orthodox prohibitions against women singing or reading Torah. Under the leadership of Anat Hoffman, a movement that is now known as Women of the Wall began. According to polls, in Israel, "the group Women of the Wall and their quest to pray at the Kotel in their manner are supported by 64% of the secular public, 53% of the traditional non-religious public, and 26% of the traditional-religious public." According to The Algemeiner, "their cause was unanimously rejected by the ultra-Orthodox respondents to the poll."[31][failed verification] The CWE held a major women's conference in Tel Aviv, Israel, in May 2006, bringing prominent women of achievement such as Anne F. Lewis; ABC's 20/20 anchor, Lynn Sherr; The author of The Trouble with Islam, Irshad Manji; Bettina Plevan, a partner at Proskauer Rose who was previously in charge of the New York City Bar Association; furthermore, others to a weeklong conversation on ladies' achievement and success.[32][33] Carole E. Controller was the CWE's latest seat.

Interfaith The U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs and the AJCongress have engaged in interfaith dialogue.

Controversies Anti-communism In 1953, the National Community Relations Advisory Council—which included the AJCongress—accused the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case—also known as the Rosenberg Committee—of being a Communist-led front group that was fomenting hysteria among Jews by claiming that the Rosenberg case was motivated by antisemitism.[34] During the Second Red Scare, the AJCongress openly disassociated itself from Jewish The AJCongress shared files on Jewish Communists with security agencies in collaboration with the creation of anti-Communist education programs. Nelson Mandela Prior to Nelson Mandela's 1990 visit to New York City, the AJCongress, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, and other Jewish organizations and community leaders asked Nelson Mandela to clarify his pro-Palestinian views. They also supported the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and discouraged other Jewish organizations from supporting the Rosenberg Committee.[35] In response to the Jewish-American establishment's criticism of Mandela's visit, the leftist organization Jews for Racial and Economic Justice was founded and held their first public event in his honor on Shabbat. Israel Singer In the fall of 2007, the AJCongress announced that it had retained the services of Rabbi Israel Singer, the former secretary-general of the World Jewish Congress. Singer left the agency after claims of financial irregularities were levied following an investigation by New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer[41] and followed up by accusations of alleged theft from then-WJC President Edgar Bronfman[42]. Mandela also expressed appreciation for South African Jews who opposed apartheid, praised certain Israeli leaders, and agreed

The AJCongress issued an official statement on January 10, 2008, that was critical of Ms. magazine's refusal to accept a full-page advertisement[44] honoring three prominent Israeli women: Dorit Beinisch, who was Israel's Supreme Court president at the time, Tzipi Livni, who was Israel's Foreign Minister at the time, and Dalia Itzik, who was Knesset speaker at the time, According to the press release from AJCongress, What other end could we at any point reach,' asked Richard Gordon, Leader of AJCongress, 'then again, actually the distributers − and in the event that the distributers are correct, countless Ms. Magazine perusers − are so unfriendly to Israel that they would try and prefer not to see a promotion that praises Israel?' ... ' Clearly, Ms. has changed a lot since the days when Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Ms. co-founder Letty Pogrebin, members of the AJCongress and leaders of the AJCongress' Commission for Women's Equality, were at the forefront of the Women's Movement that led to the creation of Ms. Magazine. "[43] On the website of Ms. magazine, executive editor Katherine Spillar responded to the AJCongress, denying an anti-Israel bias and stating that: " Ms. Magazine has been criticized for not running an AJCongress-submitted advertisement with the caption "This is Israel" and photos of three prominent Israeli women leaders. She contended that the proposed commercial was conflicting with the magazine's approach to men acknowledge as it were "mission-driven ads from basically non-benefit, non-sectarian associations", recommending that the promotion might have been seen "as inclining toward specific ideological groups inside Israel over different gatherings, yet in addition with its motto 'This is Israel,' the advertisement suggested that ladies in Israel stand firm on equivalent footholds of force with." Spillar stated that over the course of the previous four years, the publication had "covered the Israeli feminist movement and women leaders in Israel... eleven times."

Religion and Public Education: A Summary of the Law The Journal of the Congress, which had already published articles on Religion and Public Education: A Rundown of the Law with the name of lawyer Marc D. Harsh on the cover,[45] adjusted it to a "looseleaf structure and growing its circulation" in 1993. The Western Jewish History Center of the Judah L. Magnes Museum in Berkeley, California, houses a substantial collection of historical records and documents from the Northern California Division of AJCongress. Prior to becoming general counsel of the AJC, Stern served as assistant executive director of AJCongress[46,47,48]. The American Jewish Historical Society also has a large collection of AJCongress-related items. The American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS) recently completed a project funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities to process a new influx of organizational records and create a finding aid for the additional records, photographs, and audio-visual materials pertaining to the AJCongress as well as its executive directors, commissions, and public relations division.

See also Lillie Shultz's Reference to "AJCongress' Website" in Congress Weekly. Archived on December 7, 2014, from the original. The 9th of February, 2007

 Landman, Isaac; Rittenberg, Louis (1939). The All inclusive Jewish Reference book: An authoritative and widely read account of Jews and Judaism from the very beginning. p. 248.

 "The Madoff Scandal Hurts Congress" The Future February 8, 2009.

 "Jews versus Jews." Time. June 20, 1938. Chronicled from the first on December 12, 2007.

 "Secretary Powell to Go to Berlin Gathering on Enemy of Semitism". The U.S. Department of State. On November 24, 2019, Retrieved

 "AJHS | Awards for Academics." Jewish Historical Society of America

 "History and Summary of the Riegner Report." Jewish Library Online

 "April 1943: Jewish Organizations Plan for the Rescue of European Jews." Jewish Library Online

 Elizabeth D. Katz (2020-06-30). Religious and Racial Democracy": Identity and Equality in Courts of the Mid-Century" NY's Rochester SSRN 3441367.

 Martin Luther King; Clayborne, Carson; Ralph Edward Luker; Peter Holloran; Russell, Penny A. (August 19, 1992). Volume IV of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Papers: between January 1957 and December 1958, the Movement's mascot. Press of the University of California. ISBN 9780520222311 - through Google Books.

 "Orthodox Organizations to Defend Federal Aid to Parochial Schools in Court" JTA. 5 December 1966

 Spiegel, Irving (27 May 1975). JEWISH CONGRESS TO SUE ON Blacklist". The Times of New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 16, 2023.

 Ariela Katz Gugenheim (2019). Boicot. El pleito de Echeverría con Israel (in Spanish). Mexico: Cal y Arena/Universidad Iberoamericana ISBN 978-607-8564-17-0.

 "For the first time, New York agrees to serve kosher food in prisons." The Times of New York. 19 November 1978

 Aryeh Cohen (2007) Moderate Jewish Partnership Ed. Both Fred Skolnik and Michael Berenbaum 2007 in Detroit 544. Gale Virtual Library of References." Reference book Judaica. 2nd edition of Macmillan Reference USA. Vol. 16. p. 544. May 4, 2014. Retrieved

 Miko Peled (2018) Injustice. Foundation Five: The Holy Land's Story. World Books by Just ISBN 978-1-68257-085-2. pp. 84,56 "AmeriCorps sponsor must stop funding Catholic programs," The First Amendment Center, Archived September 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. July 7, 2004.

 Jacob Berkman (July 20, 2010). AJCongress closes quickly while paying its debts slowly Jewish Transmitted Office. Archived July 24, 2010 from the original. The 28th of July, 2010.

 "U.S. Jewish Group Considers Merging With AJC After Madoff Scam Loss" The Fox News July 20, 2010. Archived on October 26, 2012, from the original. The 28th of July, 2010.

 "The Madoff Scandal Hurts Congress" The Daily Forward for Jews. 8 January 2009

 "Jewish Religious Colleges Get Tens of Millions in Federal Aid": Yeshivas Win Huge Pell Grant The Daily Forward for Jews. 31 October 2012

 "American Jewish Congress". Charity Finder. The 15th of April, 2015

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 "The American Ambassador Friedman: Hamas sees rebuilding Gaza without Abbas as a "tremendous prize." Haaretz.

 Kazmir, Munr (October 12, 2018). " Jimmy Morales, the president of Guatemala, is a great friend of Western democracy. Medium.

 "Debut of the First "Jewish Guide to U.S. Politics" - Jewish World" National News from Israel.

 "Debut of the first "Jewish Guide to U.S. Politics"." Ariel Sharon. 23rd of November, 2019.

 "Middle East: Israeli general warns US withdrawal from Syria is a red flag" National News from Israel.

 "Earthy colored v. Leading body of Ed". Svonkin, Stuart. Archived December 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. American Jewish Congress". Women of Judaism: A comprehensive guide to history. March 1, 2009. Jewish Ladies' Chronicle. The 24th of October, 2015

 "AJCongress at the Wall... a Legacy of Women's Support" Archived on the Wayback Machine of the AJC on February 6, 2007. The 15th of April, 2015

 "AJConference Release"

 "Article CWE" "Julius and Ethel Rosenberg," which was retrieved from the Wayback Machine on December 15, 2006, My Jewish Education. Recovered 2023-03-31.

 "Jews And The Left: The Decline and Rise of a Political Alliance (PDF) Monash College. Retrieved on March 31, 2023.

 "Jewish Groups Ask ANC Leader About Israel" The New York Times. accessed on 2023-03-26.

 "Mandela Regrets Offending Jews, Says He Is Ready to Visit Israel," reads the statement. Agency for Jewish Telegraphy. accessed on 2023-03-26.

 "Our Background." Jews for Economic and Racial Equity Retrieved on 03/30/2013.

 "A candid discussion regarding JFREJ." The Future Dated February 23, 2002.

 "Israel Singer Is Hired by AJC" The Baltimore Jewish Times' December 2, 2007 JTA Wire

 Stephanie Strom (December 31, 2004). Spitzer Investigating the World Jewish Congress The New Yorker.

 Amiram Barkat (March 15, 2007). World Jewish Congress fires executive Israel Artist in shock move". Haaretz.

 "Ad on Israeli Women is blocked by Ms. Magazine." American Jewish Congress. 10 January 2008 Archived on January 13, 2008, from the original. Recovered January 18, 2008.

 (PDF) "This is Israel" Congress of Jewish Americans. 10 January 2008 Archived on October 23, 2008, from the original (PDF) Recovered January 18, 2008.

 Mark D. Stern, Religion and Public Education: A Legal Synopsis (PDF) ERIC.

 "Activist for rights Arthur Hertzberg." Sun-Sentinel. April 19, 2006. The American Jewish Congress's assistant executive director, Jerome A. Chanes, is Marc D. Stern. Mildred Vasan (2004) Antisemisism: A Reference Guide p. 156. Patrick, John J., and Marc D. Stern, assistant executive director of the American Jewish Congress The United States Supreme Court: A friend for students. "American Jewish organization weigh in on Supreme Court ruling on travel ban," wrote Marc D. Stern, an attorney for the American Jewish Congress. Jewish Annal. June 28, 2018. The general counsel of the American Jewish Committee is Marc Stern.